The Vatican is basically a walled enclave inside of Rome, and is the smallest
country in the world. It's so small that the entire country doesn't
have a single street address. There is only one city.
Vatican City was created in 1929 by the Lateran Treaty which was signed by
Benito Mussolini -- one of the most ruthless dictators of all time.
The city is ruled by the Pope, an elected monarch who rules with absolute
authority (e.g., legislative, executive and judiciary all rolled into one).
The Pope is the only absolute monarch in Europe.
The Vatican has no permanent citizens. Citizenship is bestowed as a
gift to those who work there, along with their spouses and children, and is
revoked when they stop working there.
Vatican City is guarded by the smallest and oldest regular army in the world
-- the Swiss Guard.
The official languages of the Vatican are Latin and Italian. Its ATMs
are the only ones in the world that offer services in Latin.